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"Panchatantra"
"Panchatantra" ("Pentateuch") - a collection of instructive stories and poems, compiled by an unknown author presumably in the IV. But come down to us in later editions, and overtime.
The earliest of the "Panchatantra" - "Instructive Tales", dates back to the V.
In fairy stories, preceded by an introduction to the collection, explains that "Panchatantra" was created by some Brahmin Vishnusharmanom for foolish princes, in order to teach them the different sciences, and especially science of public administration. Link to the stupidity of the princes, obviously, was to explain the entertainment (art) form prepodnosimyh reader guidance, mentioning the same on the science of management - the presence in the book of sermons addressed to kings. Although such "royal" instructions in the "Panchatantra," a lot, it does not make it to the full "royal mirror of". Curriculum "Panchatantra" very diverse, and kings do not constitute a recommendation nor the only, nor even its main goal. Along with them are given here and the lessons of religious morality (including the problem of detachment from the world of moral strength, etc.), and numerous sermons in conventional wisdom. In creating his collection, the author of "Panchatantra" was obviously trying to connect to it a variety of teaching and tradition to teach his readers instruction "for all occasions."
How diverse didacticism "Panchatantra", so varied and its material, apparently, drawn by the author from a variety of written and oral sources. This included and fables, animals and household tales, and jokes, and all sorts of edifying poetry - of poetry proverbs moralistic sermons to high style. The whole motley in content and genre of material the author, however, is trying to unite into a coherent structure. To do so, he resorts to receive the so-called framework composition.
The collection is divided into five major stories ("books"). All of them are attached to the introductory history. In each of the five stories, in turn, is inserted into a certain number of stories and poems (in the first-17 stories and 180 poems in the second - 5 stories and about 170 poems, etc.). Stories and poems are "the way" during conversations that occur between the main characters of the story. In some cases, a chain of "inclusion" does not end there - then insert the story is framed for an additional one or two stories. This creates a multi-stage structure, which ensures the internal integrity of a number of additional methods. First of all, worrying about the unity of the whole book, the author makes every effort to subordinate the false stories of the framework, establishing between them a stylistic and substantive distance: False stories are simple and relatively brief, the framework - designed in relatively high style, and include a description of the long dialogues, constructed along the lines of philosophical conversations, false stories teach practical ethics, the framework - are complicated by political and religious issues. Second, to achieve the unity of the collection as a whole, the five stories are set framework bonds formed by the thematic and semantic rollcall. Thus, in the first, second and fourth frame stories is one and the same theme of friendship, and the first and third are developing on the issue of choice of contrasting examples of the king's advisor (on what - good or bad - will choose the advisor himself king, the success of his policy) .

The popularity of "Panchatantra" was an extraordinary. Her fascination with the same reading in ancient and medieval India. Quite early in the book is moving into the neighboring country of India. In VI. it was translated into Pahlavi language in the VIII. - In Arabic, then in other Middle Eastern languages. Knew this book and in South-East Asia. Openness of the artistic structure "Panchatantra" make it easy to change and expand its membership, to vary its didactics. But for all its transformations, remained unchanged and the framework composition and informative variety of genres, which was one of the reasons for its longevity.
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